اللغة الإنجليزية فصل أول

LESSON 1A VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR

Word	Meaning
Carpets	Heavy often tufted fabric used as a floor covering
Curtains	a piece of material, especially cloth, that hangs across a window or opening to make a room or part of a room dark or private.
Rugs	a piece of thick heavy cloth smaller than a carpet, used for covering the floor or for decoration.
Wardrobe	a tall cupboard in which you hang your clothes

 

 

Word	Meaning
Radiator	A heating element fixed to a wall that warms a room by circulating hot water or steam. It provides comfort and regulates indoor temperature.
Stairs	A structure consisting of a series of steps allowing for vertical movement between floors is essential for accessibility in multi-story buildings.
Windowsill	The ledge or sill at the bottom of a window is often used for decorative purposes or to hold plants and other items. It also helps with window sealing.

 

Word	Meaning
Drawer	is a box-shaped container in furniture that slides in and out. It is used for storing and organizing items.
Hanger	a curved piece of wire, wood, or plastic on which clothes are hung while they are being stored.
Surface	is a flat area or top of an object, like a table or countertop, used for placing items or working on.

 

WHAT IS MINIMALISM? 

It’s living without unnecessary things. My flat used to be really messy, but then I read a great Japanese book about tidying up. It changed my life. 

DO YOU HAVE TO GET RID OF ALL YOURTHINGS TO BE A MINIMALIST? 
No, you have to get rid of a lot but you mustn’t get rid of everything. You have to keep some things but you should only keep things you really like. You shouldn’t hold onto things for sentimental reasons. Don’t keep that sweater just because it was a present from your grandmother. We all have lots of things we never use. You don’t need more than three shirts, or four pairs of trousers, or one spoon, one mug, one bowl …

SO, SHOULD WE THROW OUT ALL THE THINGS WE DON’T USE?
You don’t have to throw them in the bin. You could give them to friends or donate them to a charity shop like I do.

WHAT’S IT LIKE BEING A MINIMALIST?
It’s good. You don’t have to spend so much time cleaning or tidying up because you don’t have so many things. But you must be organised. You mustn’t leave things lying around on surfaces. My bedroom is tiny but it’s neat and tidy: there’s a place for everything and everything is in its place. When your home is tidy, you feel happier. Another advantage is that if you don’t buy stuff you don’t need, you can afford to buy good quality, so you have beautiful things that you love instead of rubbish you don’t really like.

1. What is the minimalism?

it’s living without unnecessary things

2. What do you have to get rid of to be a minimalist? 

You have to keep some things but you should only keep things you really like. You shouldn’t hold onto things for sentimental reasons. Don’t keep that sweater just because it was a present from your grandmother. We all have lots of things we never use.

3. How many shirts, trousers, mugs, spoons and bowls should you have? 

three shirts, or four pairs of trousers, or one spoon, one mug, one bowl …

4. What could you do for the things that you don’t use them? 

You could give them to friends or donate them to a charity.

5. What’s it like being a minimalist? 

It’s good. You don’t have to spend so much time cleaning or tidying up because you don’t have so many things. But you must be organised.

6. What must you be? 

you must be organised. You mustn’t leave things lying around on surfaces.

7. What do you feel when your home is tidy? 

you feel happier

8. Mention the advantages of being minimalist? 

When your home is tidy, you feel happier. Another advantage is that if you don’t buy stuff you don’t need, you can afford to buy good quality, so you have beautiful things that you love instead of rubbish you don’t really like.

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Modal verbs show possibility, intent, ability, or necessity. Common examples of modal verbs include can, should, and must. Because they’re a type of auxiliary verb  (helper verb), they’re used alongside the infinitive verb of the main verb of the sentence.

The use of Modal verbs:

• Capacity and possibility.  
• Suggestions 
• Requests 
• Permission  
• obligatory  

► Can and Could 

Can / Could are used to express the ability to do, and they are used with all pronouns.

To suggest something or give someone an idea, we use could.

Example:

- He can play football
- She could buy the dress

► Shall and Should

Shall / Should is used to express making a suggestion to do something.

To say that something is or isn’t a good idea, we use should/ shouldn’t

Example:

- You should make your bed before you go to school. 
- I shouldn’t drink so much cola. It’s bad for me.

♦ Note: Should is also used to express giving advice.

► Will / Would

Will / Would is used to ask for something and means (is it possible?)

Example:

- Will you give me the bag, please?

► May and Might 

May / Might is used to express permission to do something

Example: 

- May I go to the toilet, please?
- Might I sit next to you?

► Must and Mustn’t / Have to and Has to 

These modal verbs are used to express something necessary and obligatory, but they are divided into two types: something obligatory and something optional

To say what is not allowed, we use mustn’t.
To say there is no obligation or necessity, we use don’t have to

Example: 

- I must talk to her right now.
- My brother has to wear a suit to work.
- We don’t have to do any washing-up because we have a dishwasher.

► Must / Should / Could 

Affirmative:  I/You/ He/She/ It/We/ They + must/ should/ could + leave

Negative: I/You/ He/She/ It/We/ They + must not (mustn’t)/ should not (shouldn’t)/ could not (couldn’t) + leave

Yes/No questions:  Must/ Should/ Could + I/You/ He/She/ It/We/ They + leave?

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♦ Have to

 

 

Subject questions:   who + has to + stay?

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