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SYNONYMS  المترادفات

The word

The Synonym

The meaning in Arabic

decrease (v)

drop, go down

ينخفض، يتراجع، يتناقص، يقل، ينحدر

fake (n)

hoax, fraud

خدعة، احتيال، حيلة، مزيف

reliable

dependable, trustworthy

موثوق، يمكن الاعتماد عليه، جدير بالثقة

mystery

enigma, puzzle

لغز، أحجية، غموض

signs

clues, hints

إشارات، دلائل، علامات، ايحاءات، تلميحات

state (v)

claim, maintain

يزعم، يصرح، يذكر، يدعي

strange

bizarre, weird

غريب، عجيب، شاذ

uncover

expose, reveal

يكشف، يفضح، يظهر، يفشي


Complete the questions with words from Exercise 3. Sometimes more than one answer is possible. Then listen again and answer the questions.

1. Why did a news report ...claim, state... that social media accounts would close if users made a spelling mistake?
2. Why do you think a newspaper reported....
strange, weird... animals living on the moon?
3. Why did egg companies want the newspaper to say egg prices had ...
decreased, gone down...?
4. How did the city newspaper ...
reveal, uncover.... the truth that the other city newspaper was copying its stories?
5. Which of the ...
fake, strange... news stories in the 42 podcast do you think is the best one?


NARRATIVE TENSES Past Perfect Simple and Continuous

• When we are telling a story about the past, we usually use the Past Simple for the main events and the Past Perfect Simple and Past Perfect Continuous (to provide background information to those events.)

• The four narrative tenses are the past simple, past continuous, past perfect and past perfect continuous and one or more of these can be used in a sentence.

• Narratives tenses are used to talk about past events and to tell stories.

 

Past simple → Subject + v2   

A. We use the past simple to talk about past events in chronological order, i.e. for a story’s main events. (Actions which follow each other in a story)

1. When she opened the door, she pretended we weren't there and went to her room.

2. He called me and told me to go, but he wasn’t there when I arrived.

3. I stopped my car, got out and stood in the road to see what it was. 

 

B. An action started and finished in the past.

Suddenly, I saw an object in the sky.

Past continuous → Subject + was/were + ving

A. We use the past continuous to set the scene in a story. 

1. Last night, I was walking home listening to my iPod when….
2. The sun was shining, and lots of tourists were lying on the beach. Suddenly... 

B. We use the past continuous for actions in progress at a specific time in the past.

1. Last night, I was driving back home. 
2. After dinner, I went into the living room and saw that she was crying.

C. We use the past continuous for longer actions interrupted by shorter actions in the past simple.

1. When she opened the door, we were talking about her. 
2. While was watching the object, it fell into a field.


Past perfect simple → Subject + had (not)+ v3

A.We use the past perfect simple (to talk about an earlier past: events which happened before the main event. (an action which took place before another)

By the time I got to the field, the object had disappeared.

B. We use the Past Perfect Simple to talk about:

a. the duration of states before a specific point in the past.

She had been blind for 12 years when she started her journey.

b. completed earlier actions with a relevance to the time of the story

 

1. He wrote about a spot that he had discovered on the surface of Venus.
2. I realised that I had been there before.

c.    experiences that happened before a specific point in the past: 

By the time he died, he had written a lot of letters
When she opened the door, he had already left.


C. We use the past perfect simple (and not continuous) to say how much or how many we had done of something earlier in the past.

We had driven 500 miles, and we needed some rest.

How many hours had he slept when you woke him up? 

D. Duration from earlier in the past (stative verbs)

We use the past perfect simple with stative verbs to talk about states or situations that had started earlier in the past. We often use how long, for or since, always, etc.

The day Ahmad died; they had been married for 48 years. 

The day I left; I had been in England for exactly four years.

• We often use linking words or time phrases with the Past Perfect tenses, e.g. (when, after, because, as, before, by, by the time)

1. By the age of 15, he had completed his system.

2. He missed that event because he had been in hospital for two weeks.


Past perfect continuous → Subject + had (not)+ been + v3

A. Duration from earlier in the past (dynamic verbs)

- We use the past perfect continuous with dynamic verbs (to talk about longer continuous actions that started earlier in the past than the main events of the story.

- the duration of actions that began earlier in the past and continued to the time of the story. 

1. I was furious. I had been waiting for him in the cold, and he didn’t call to say he’d be late.
2. We had been driving for less than an hour when the car broke down.
3. He had been studying bird migration for years. 

B. Repeated actions from earlier in the past (dynamic verbs)

- We use the past perfect continuous with dynamic verbs (to talk about repeated actions from earlier in the past.

I couldn’t believe it. She had been writing a letter every day for over a year.

C. earlier past processes with a relevance to the main events in the story. 

He had an accident with a pair of scissors that he had been playing with.

• We use the Past Perfect Continuous (when we want to focus on the duration of an activity or when we are explaining a past result)

She was tired because she had been flying for hours.

(I felt tired) as I had been driving all day.

• We do not use the Past Perfect Continuous with repeated actions when we say how many times something happened.

She had been visiting him regularly. » NOT » She had been visiting him three times.


ملخص مبسط مع أمثلة توضيحية

Hassan opened the door very slowly, looked carefully around the room and walked in. The window was open and the curtains were blowing in the wind. Clearly someone had left in a hurry.

Past simple: opened, looked, walked, was

- The first three verbs - opened, looked and walked - are a sequence. they are written in the order that the actions took place. We know this because they are in the past simple.

Past continuous: were blowing

- The past continuous verb, were blowing, (shows an action in progress). the curtains started blowing before he walked into the room and continued to blow while he was there.

Past perfect: had left