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Word

Meaning

Image

        North

The direction towards the North Pole.

South

The direction towards th South Pole.

 

East

The direction where the sun rises.

West

The direction where the sun sets.

 

Sunrise

The time when the sun first appears in the sky.

Sunset

The time when the sun disappears below the horizon.

Wood

 

An area of land covered with trees.

Field

 

An area of open land, often used for farming.

Valley

 

A low area of land between hills or mountains.

 

Scenery

 

The natural features of a landscape.

Tide

 

The rise and fall of sea levels caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun.

Bay

 

A body of water partially enclosed by land.


 

  • is used to describe an action that happened before another action or event in the past.
The past perfect tense is formed using the past tense of the auxiliary verb "to have" (had) followed by the past participle of the main verb.

 

structure

Affirmative:

 subject + had + past participle + complement

Negative:

 subject + had (not) + past participle + complement

Question:

Had + subject +  past participle + complement

Example: 

- She had finished her homework before lunch.
- By the time I arrived, the movie had already started.
- She had never been to Aqaba before last summer.

With time-related words: Some words indicate that one event occurred before another, such as:

 

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♦ Uses of the Past Perfect Tense

1- To express an event that occurred before another event in the past: 

If there are two past events, we use the past perfect for the first event and the past simple for the second event.

Examples:

• By the time we got to the cinema, the movie had already started.

• They had finished dinner before I arrived.

• After she had finished her homework, she went to bed.

• He had just left when I called him.

• By the time we reached the airport, the plane had taken off.

2- With reported speech: 

When converting a direct speech sentence to reported speech, we use the past perfect if the main verb in the sentence is in the past simple.

Example:

• Direct speech: She said, "I finished my work."
• Reported speech: She said that she had finished her work.


Difference Between Past Perfect and Past Simple

Past Simple

Past Perfect

Used to talk about an event that happened in the past.

Used to talk about an event that happened before another event in the past.

Does not require another event to happen before it.

Requires another event to occur after it.

I ate lunch at 1 PM.

I had eaten lunch before 2 PM.