Unit 1
| 1) Present simple |
Form:
With singular subjects and the pronouns( He/ She/It), we add an -s or -es to the verb
With plural subjects and the pronouns ( I, We, You, They), the verb is in the base form
Affirmative form:
- He drives to work every day.
- She usually tells us funny stories.
- It often rains on Sundays.
- I eat cereal in the morning.
- We sometimes read scientific books.
- You always teach me new things.
- They always help their father on the farm.
- Salma often studies at night.
- The boys go to the park every Friday.
Negative form:
- Sometimes, students don’t enjoy their stay at home.
- Sami doesn’t go to the farm every week.
Interrogative form
WH Question (Wh + do / does + S + V1 …. complement?)
- When does the class start?
- Where do they go on Fridays?
Yes / No Question (Do /Does + S +V1 ….complement?)
- Do they use their car daily?
- Does he play tennis every day?
Uses of the present simple:
- We use the simple present to talk about:
1. Something that is true in the present.
I live in Amman.
2. Things that are always true. (facts)
Water boils at 100c.
3. Things that happen as a routine in the present.
My mother cleans the house every day.
He often does some exercises every morning.
4. Scheduled or fixed events in the future.
My plane leaves at 10 PM.
When does the class begin tomorrow?
- We use adverbs of frequency with the present simple. always / usually / often / seldom / occasionally / weekly / daily / sometimes/normally/frequently/ from time to time/ generally/ every + time/ (once a week,a month, a year ,...)
| 2) Present Continuous |
Form:
am/is/are + verb + ing
Affirmative form:
to be + verb-ing examples abbreviation
I am + verb-ing I am playing tennis. I'm playing tennis.
He is + verb-ing He is reading a story. He's reading a story
She is + verb-ing She is listening to music. She's listening to music
It is + verb-ing It is raining now. It's raining now.
They are + verb-ing They are leaving the city. They're leaving the city.
You are+ verb-ing You are doing a great job. You're doing a great job.
We are + verb-ing We are searching the room. We're searching the room.
- The boys are playing in the garden at the moment.
Negative form:
am not + verb-ing I am not watching cartoons right now.
isn't +verb-ing Now, she isn't writing anything.
aren't +verb-ing They are not listening to him at the moment.
Interrogative form:
WH Question: Wh + (am / is / are) + S + verb-ing?
- What are you doing today?
Yes / No Question: (am / is / are) + S + verb-ing?
- Is he trying to fix the car now?
Uses of the present continuous:
We use the present continuous....
- To talk about something that is happening at the moment of speaking.
- Many students are working hard at this moment.
- To describe something temporary.
- Ahmad works in Irbid. This week he is working on a project in Amman.
3. For actions that happen repeatedly in the present. (with always)
- Sue is always working hard on the farm.
Words and expressions used with the present continuous
Now /right now/ nowadays / these days / today / at this time / at this stage / at this period / at this moment/ currently.
Be quiet!, Listen!, Look!, watch out!
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| 3) Present Perfect |
Form:
Affirmative
Singular: has+past participle
Plural: have +past participle
(Singular subject/the pronouns (He, She, It) ) + has + past participle
Examples:
The teacher has cancelled the meeting.
He has written an essay about Petra.
She has recently decorated her house.
It has rained heavily for two hours.
(Plural subject / the pronouns (I, we, they, you)) + have + past participle
They have just cleaned their room.
I have never seen a lion.
We have just bought a new laptop.
You have worked extremely hard.
The students have already done the exam.
Negative:
Subject + (hasn't/haven't) + past participle
Examples:
I haven't finished writing the story yet.
He hasn't fixed his car yet.
Interrogative:
Have/Has + S + past participle?
Examples:
Have you ever visited Aqaba?
Has your father sold his car yet?
Uses of the present perfect
1. To talk about something that was true in the past and continues to be true in the present.
I haven't seen him for three years. I wonder where he is. (not see)
2. To discuss our experience up to the present.
She has been to America twice.
3. To talk about an action that happened in the past but the consequences of which are important in the present.
I can't open the door. I have lost my keys.
Keywords used with the present perfect:
since, for, lately, recently, yet, so far, ever, up to the present, never, already, just, at last, in recent times, till now, up to now, before
He hasn't eaten rice fish since August.
She has lived in Jordan for ten years.
I haven't eaten meat lately.
Scientists have recently discovered a new vaccine for covid 19.
We haven't translated the whole text yet.
He has written three articles so far.
Have you ever seen a wolf?
Up to the present, she has written thirty-two letters.
I have never visited Italy.
I have already written to him about the incident.
She has just left the room.
I have seen that film before.
We haven't found any mistake in his behaviour till now.
| 4) Present Perfect Continuous |
Form:
Singular: has been + verb-ing
Plural: have been + verb-ing
Affirmative
Subject +(have/has )+ been + v-ing
Examples:
Ahmad has been working in this company for six years.
People have been using computers since they were first introduced in the 1960s.
Negative:
Subject +(have/has)+ not +been +V-ing
Examples
She hasn't been doing her homework. She has been sleeping.
They haven't been playing tennis.
Interrogative:
Have/Has + Subject+ been + V-ing?
Examples:
- Has she been working in this company for ten years?
- Have they been playing football?
Uses of the present perfect continuous
1. To talk about something that began in the past and continues in the present.
He has been studying Russian for two years.
2. To talk about an action repeated many times from the past until the present.
Scientists have been working on the development of computers since they were first invented.
3. To talk about a longer action recently finished the results of which are visible in the present.
I have been painting the house. That’s why I have some paint on my clothes.
I am tired. I have been working all night.
Key words used with the present perfect continuous:
since, for, how long, all(day, night, ...)
Ali is tired. He has been working hard since the morning.
I'm tired because I have been running for an hour.
She has been waiting for you all day.
How long have they been playing soccer?
| 5) Past Simple |
Form:
Affirmative:
S + V2 ………..
The teacher explained the lesson yesterday.
They went to Petra last year.
Negative:
S + did not + V1 (inf) ………
The students didn't finish the lesson yesterday.
I didn't watch television last night.
Interrogative:
Did + S + V1 (inf) …………?
Did you finish writing the essay yesterday?
Did your teacher give you the exam papers last week?
Function:
1. To talk about something that started and finished in the past.
I travelled to France two years ago.
2. To describe a routine in the past.
I went to school on foot when I was a child.
3. To talk about something that was true for an extended period of time in the past. In this case, we use it with a time phrase.
Scientists developed the first computer program during the 1940s.
Keywords:
Last ( year, month, week, Summer, night….etc.), the previous (week, month, ...)
ago, yesterday, in the past, once, in ( a date in the past 1998, 2000, etc.), before (a week, a month....)
Last year I spent my holiday in Aqaba.
I visited Germany the previous week.
They visited my farm two weeks ago.
She gave me all the details yesterday.
The woman saw him in the past.
My father once worked on a farm.
We built our house in 2013.
| 6) Past Continuous |
Form:
Affirmative:
Subject ( Plural nouns, We, You , they) + were + Verb+ -ing ……..
Subject (Singular nouns, I, He , she, it )+ was+ Verb + -ing ………
They were painting the house all day yesterday.
She was reading a story at 8 o'clock last night.
Negative:
Subject (Plural nouns, We, You , they) + were not + Verb + -ing...
Subject (Singular nouns, I, He , she, it )+ was not + Verb+ -in...
I wasn't sleeping when you called me last night.
Question:
Were + Subject ( Plural noun, We, You , they) + Verb+ -ing ……..?
Was + Subject (Singular noun, I, He , she, it ) + Verb+ -ing ……..
The function:
1. To talk about something which was happening before and after another action in the past.
2. To show that something happened for a long time in the past.
Keywords :
while / when / as / At this time last week, this time last year ….etc. / at 5 o’clock yesterday morning ,at 8o’clock this morning / from 6 o’clock to 8 o’clock yesterday evening .....................
When + simple past, past continuous
Past continuous + when + simple past
While / as + past continuous, Simple past
Simple past + While / as + past continuous.
Examples
- While I was eating my lunch the telephone rang.
- When he came home, I was reading the book.
- The telephone rang while he was having a bath.
- It began to rain while I was walking in the park.
- While she was climbing the ladder, she slipped off.
- When he reached his office, the workers were waiting for him.
- As he was leaving the office, someone shot him.
| 7) Past Perfect |
Form:
had + past participle
Affirmative:
Subject + had+V3 (past participle) …………
After I had taken my lunch, I went to sleep.
Negative:
Subject + had not + V3(past participle) …………
She didn't come to the party because she hadn't finished studying for the exam.
Question:
Had + S + V3 (Past participle) …………?
Had Saladin won the battle of Hittin by 1187?
Function:
To talk about actions that happened before a specific moment in the past.
Keywords:
after, before, when, by the time, by 1990,2000,....
Examples
- The guests had left before I got home.
- I traveled to Dubai after I had got the visa.
- She felt better after she had taken the medicine.
- By 1980, I had graduated from school.
- After they had finished work, they went home.
-
The teacher got angry with Ali because he had forgotten to do his homework.
| 8) The Future with will |
Form:
will+base form
Affirmative:
Subject + will + base form
It is likely that all aspects of everyday life will rely on a computer program.
Negative:
Subject + will not (won't) + base form
The results of the exam will not be announced tomorrow.
Question:
Will + Subject + base form?
Will he visit us tomorrow?
Function:
- To talk about the future if we are predicting it without evidence.
I think it will rain tomorrow.
- To express spontaneous decisions.
A: Someone is knocking on the door. b: I'll open it.
Keywords :
perhaps, maybe, probably, I think, I hope
Examples:
- Perhaps she will come to the meeting on time.
- Maybe he will go for a walk in an hour or so.
- They will probably win the championship.
- I think Samia will lose the match.
- I hope that he will be able to finish on time.
| 9) Future with going to |
Form:
Be + going to + base form
Affirmative:
I + am going to+ base form
(He/she/it)+ is going to + base form
They/ we/you + are going to + base form
Negative:
I + am not going to+ base form
(He/she/it)+ is not going to + base form
They/ we/you + are not going to + base form
Question:
Am + I + going to+ base form ………?
Is + (he/she/it) +going to + base form …….?
Are + they/ we/you + going to + base form ….. ?
function:
- Future plans. It does not have to be for the near future.
I have decided to plan my future. I am going to make my decisions for next year.
- Predictions that are based on evidence.
The sky is cloudy. It is going to rain.
Keywords :
tomorrow, next (week, month, year, ...), in 2050,...
Examples:
Tomorrow we are going to meet a new friend.
Next week I am going to join a new club.
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| Passive voice |
* The passive sentence starts with the object of the original sentence:
| (s) | (v) | (o) | (c) |
| The police | arrested | the thief | last night. |
| The thief was arrested last night(by the police) | |||
| (s) | (v) | (o) | (c) |
| Sami | plays | basketball | every Sunday. |
| Basketball is played every Sunday (by Sami) | |||
The Form
|
Tense |
Form of the passive |
Example |
|
Present simple |
is/ are / am + V(3) |
Many gallons of fresh milk are drunk every day. |
|
Present continuous |
Is/are/am +being +V(3) |
Many Arabic books are being translated into Japanese these days |
|
Present perfect |
Has/have + been + V(3) |
Three articles have been published about the issue since last month. |
|
Past simple |
Was/were + V(3) |
Three of my articles were published last month in the local newspaper. |
|
Past continuous |
Was /were + being + V(3) |
While the lesson was being explained by the teacher, the bell rang. |
|
Past perfect |
Had + been +V(3) |
By 2000, a new drug had been tested on patients. |
|
Future with will |
Will + be + V(3) |
A new drug will be tested on patients next month. |
| 1) passive voice / present simple |
- She writes new articles every week.
New articles are written every week by her.
- He tries new teaching methods every now and then.
New teaching methods are tried every now and then by him.
- I bring different types of books to the library.
Different types of books are brought to the library by me.
- They don't treat ill people here.
Ill people are not treated here.
- We always find solutions to such issues.
Solutions to such issues are always found by us.
| 2) passive voice / past simple |
John visited the new teacher in his office.
The new teacher was visited in his office by John.
Fatima ate an apple two hours ago.
An apple was eaten two hours ago by Fatima.
He found the keys there.
The keys were found there by him.
She didn't help the girls.
The girls weren't helped by her.
They wrote some interesting articles.
Some interesting articles were written by them.
Nobody helped him.
He wasn't helped by anybody.
They made him a president.
He was made a president by them.
A president was made him by them.
| 3) passive voice / Present Perfect |
She has cleaned the rooms.
The rooms have been cleaned by her.
They have washed the dishes.
The dishes have been washed by them.
I have flown the red kite.
The red kite has been flown by me.
We have revolutionized the idea.
The idea has been revolutionized by us.
| 4) passive voice / Modal auxiliaries |
He will find the reason.
The reason will be found by him.
They will eat the whole dish.
The whole dish will be eaten by them.
She can help us.
We can be helped by her.
I may try a new method.
A new method may be tried by me.
We must prepare the meal now.
The meal must be prepared now by us.
He might read the novel.
The novel might be read by him.
She ought to meet the new teacher.
The new teacher ought to be met by her.
He has to see the men in the cafeteria.
The men have to be seen in the cafeteria by him.
They have to start a new project.
A new project has to be started by them.
I had to help her.
She had to be helped by me.
