اللغة الإنجليزية فصل أول

الحادي عشر خطة جديدة

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1 In pairs, discuss the questions. 

1 What are the names of the five senses? 

sight/eyesight, smell, taste, touch, hearing

2 Which is your strongest sense? Say why. 

Student’s own answers

3 How are animal senses different to human senses?

Suggested: Some animals have stronger senses than ours, for example, eagles have very good eyesight. Other animals have weaker senses, for example, dogs do not have very good eyesight (but do have a very strong sense of smell).

2 Read the fact sheet. In pairs, identify two facts which are not true. Go to page 95 to check your answers

Fascinating facts about the Five SENSES

1. The human finger is so sensitive that it is capable of detecting a surface bump only 0.0001 mm high.
2. Men have a keener sense of smell than women. [not true]
3. Around 25% of people are supertasters. Supertasters have more taste buds than the average person, and they tend to dislike bitter foods.
4. For the Ongee people of the Andaman Islands, smell is the most important sense. When greeting an Ongee, instead of asking, ‘How are you?’ it is usual to ask, ‘How is your nose?’
5. Touch is the first sense to develop in babies and the last to fade at the end of our lives. 
6. If you sit too close to a television screen, you risk damaging your eyesight. [not true]
7. Standing close to loudspeakers at concerts can cause hearing loss in 7.5 minutes.
8. It is not possible to perceive smells while you are asleep.
9. Elephants use infrasonic sound to communicate. These low-frequency sounds enable elephants to make out sounds 285 km away.
10. Males are much more likely to be colour-blind than females.

Complete the sentences with the highlighted Words and phrases from the factsheet.

1. Your...............is your ability to see.
2. If you are............., you can’t tell the difference between some colours.
3. If you..........something, you can see, hear, or understand someone or something with difficulty.
4.    ………………. to another word for ‘notice’.
5.    …............ are the tiny bumps on your tongue that allow you to recognise flavours.
6.   .....................is another way of saying ‘deafness’.

ANSWERS: 1. eyesight     2.    colour-blind     3. make out     4. Perceive     5. Taste buds             6.  Hearing loss


 

GERUND AND INFINITIVES

GERUND → v1 + ing

Infinitive → to + v1 

We use an infinitive with to:

A. to explain the purpose of an action.       

1. You should eat them to reduce your risk of heart failure. (Why .... to reduce....) ‘
2. Sugar is added to make the bread rise. (Why .... to make....)
3.I'm writing this email to tell you something important. (Why .... to tell......)

B. after certain verbs, (hope / intend / plan / expect / want / afford / decide / manage/ tend/ fail/ happen/ used/ agree/allow/ appear/attempt/ encourage/force/ help* /persuade/ promise/ refuse/ need. ...)       

1. You need to make sure you drink a lot of water.
2. They often fail to notice all the details.
3. We decided to leave.
4. I planned to go to some real Italian restaurants. 

help can also be followed by the infinitive without to (Bare infinitive Or infinitive).  → They may help your brain (to) grow. 

 

C. after many adjectives, e.g. usual/ normal / familiar/ customary/ likely/ unlikely /difficult / easy/helpful / important/ vital / essential ...............) 

1. They’re quick and easy to cook.
2. It’s important to remember that.
3. It's difficult to get up early.

D. After first, second, third, last, etc

1. First sense to develop
2. I’d be the last to help him!


 

► We use the gerund in the same way as a noun.

A. after certain verbs avoid / deny / risk / enjoy / don’t mind / consider /can’t help / feel like/ have difficulty/ (Be, Get) used to/ can’t stand/ involve/ fancy/ imagine/ suggest……. e.g.  risk damaging

1. You should also avoid stopping suddenly.
2. It involves taking a test.
3. I told him you really enjoy cooking.

B. after prepositions, (for, from, by, of, in, on, with, without......) eg. instead of asking ... your risk of having a heart attack:

1. . ... to prevent it from rising too much. 
2. He’s concerned about passing Grammar 5.
3. Can you sneeze without opening your mouth?

C. as the subject of a sentence, e.g. standing

1. Swimming is my favourite sport.
2. Jogging is good for you.
3. Making bread involves ...
4. Eating makes me happy

D. after conjunctions like when, before, after, while, e.g. When greeting 

After spending so much money, the bank cut his credit line.
 


 

♦ NOTE     

1. After be used to and get used to (We use gerund)

2. After (be used to) + gerund

• I’m not used to pushing my body to the limit.

(The situation is unfamiliar to me and I am not comfortable with it.) 

3. after (get used to) + gerund

• I’m getting used to doing more exercise.

(The situation is becoming more familiar, but I am not comfortable with it yet.)

4. after (used to) = bare infinitive

• I used to wear glasses.

(I don’t wear them now.)
 

MORE EXAMPLES

1. My contact lenses felt weird at first, but I got used to wearing (wear) them eventually.
2. I didn’t use to like (not like) eating fish, but I love it now
3. He is used to sleeping (sleep) on a hard mattress - it doesn’t bother him
4. How did people use to deal (deal) with poor eyesight before the invention of glasses?
5. I'm full - I am not used to eating (not eat) so much fool.


Infinitive or gerund

The following verbs can be followed by the infinitive with to or the gerund, with no difference in meaning: begin, continue, hate, love and start.

 

♦ NOTE 

• We use prefer + infinitive with to for a specific situation. 

I'd prefer to stay in tonight.

• We use prefer + gerund to talk about general preferences.   

I prefer staying in to going out.

• We use (+ object + infinitive with to: enable, .... encourage/ force/ instruct / persuade/ advise)

1. How can we encourage a baby to use the toilet rather than his potty?
2. The teacher instructed the students to line up in pairs.
3. I tried to persuade them to stay, but they said they were too tired.
4. My mother advised me to see a specialist.

• We use (+ object + infinitive without to (Bare infinitive). help / let / make)

1. They may make you feel happier. 
2. Let your heart slow down.
3. The teacher let us leave early.


Write the verbs and verb phrases from the box under the correct headings.

Can’t help

Encourage

Fail

Feel like

Happen

Have difficulty

Let

Make

 

 

+ gerund

risk, can’t help, feel like, have difficulty

+ infinitive

tend, fail, happen

+ object + infinitive with to

enable, encourage, force

+ object + infinitive without to

help, let, make

 

The myth of the five senses 

If you share the common belief that there are five senses, it’s time to think again! It was Aristotle who was responsible for (1)...encouraging... (encourage) us (2) ....to believe.... (believe) that we have five of them, but common sense suggests we possess more than that number. In fact, the current scientific consensus is that we have a further five senses. One of these is ‘proprioception’ — the sense of (3)...knowing ... (know) which parts of our body are where. This enables us (4) ...to type... (type) without (5) ...looking... (look) at the keyboard or walk around without having to watch our feet. Try this experiment (6) ...to test ... (test) your proprioception. close your eyes and slowly move your finger (7) ...to touch... (touch) your nose. If you have difficulty (8) ...doing ... (do) this, then your proprioception is unlikely (9) ...to be... (be) as good as it could be.