Lesson 3 and 4
Reported Speech (also known as Indirect Speech) is used when we report what someone else has said, but not using their exact words.
Example of Direct Speech:
She said, "I am going to the shop."
Example of Reported Speech:
She said that she was going to the shop.
⇒ You need a reporting verb like say or tell.
⇒ You have to change the tense and the pronoun too.
The different between say and tell.
Say focuses on the words someone said ( to say something
Direct speech:
Sara said, ‘ I love you, mommy’
Report speech:
She said that she loved her mommy.
Tell focuses on the message or content of what someone said.
To tell someone something
Someone = object pronoun: me, him, her, them, us.
Ex: Jana told me that she was happy living in Canada.
Statements
Steps:
1. Changing the pronouns:
1. Changing the tense
Tense Changes in Reported Speech:
• Present Simple → Past Simple
(e.g., "I like" → "he liked")
• Present Continuous → Past Continuous
(e.g., "I am eating" → "he was eating")
• Present Perfect → Past Perfect
(e.g., "I have finished" → "he had finished")
2.Changing Time and Place in Reported Speech
|
Direct Speech |
Reported Speech |
|
This |
That |
|
These |
Those |
|
Adverbs of Place |
|
|
Here |
There |
|
Adverbs of Time |
|
|
Now |
Then |
|
Today |
That day |
|
Tomorrow |
The next day / The following day |
|
Yesterday |
The previous day |
|
Tonight |
That night |
|
Last week |
The week before |
|
Next week |
The week after |
|
Last month |
The previous month |
|
Next month |
The following month |
|
Last year |
The previous year |
|
Next year |
The following year |
|
Ago |
Before |
|
Thus |
So |
3. changing the first verb tense
|
is am |
was |
|
are |
were |
|
do does |
did |
|
have has |
had |
|
was were |
Had been |
|
had |
had had |
|
did |
had done |
|
verb 1 verb+s |
verb 2 |
|
verb 2 |
had + verb 3 |
|
didn't + verb 1 |
hadn't +verb 3 |