امتحان انجليزي وحدة 3 -محمد ابو الشباب 2008
1. The word which means “the feature that makes a product different from and better than anything else” is …
- USP (Unique Selling Point)
- business concept
- price tag
- turnover
2. Our company is a ____ that focuses on offering eco-friendly packaging and fast delivery.
- sales gimmick
- USP
- start-up
- price tag
3. The fast-food restaurant gave free keychains to children as a __________.
- buy
- investment
- sales gimmick
- goods
4. After the concert was cancelled, the company agreed to _____ the tickets to all customers.
- owe
- refund
- budget
- collapse
5. The phrasal verb which can replace the underlined verb in the sentence “They persuaded the client to accept their proposal” is …
- won over
- built up
- set up
- passed up
6. The detective was very _________; he could quickly understand people’s motives.
- gullible
- devious
- shrewd
- trusting
. The sentence which is a correct paraphrase of the following sentence is:
“The teacher encouraged the students to participate in the debate.”
- The teacher urged the students to participate in the debate.
- The teacher urged the students into participate in the debate.
- The teacher urged the students participating in the debate.
- The teacher urged the students at participating in the debate
8. The advertisement was so attractive that it __ many customers to try the new restaurant.
- swayed
- incited
- enticed
- urged
9. Nader: I think $500 is fair for this laptop.
Yara: ________, but could you go a bit lower?
- . I can see what you’re saying
- At the end of the day
- Would you be prepared to
- OK, I can live with that 10.
10. The word which can replace “tendency” in the following sentence is:
“Teenagers have a tendency to follow trends set by social media influencers.”
- propensity
- impartial
- dispassionate
- snare
11. When Sarah has some free time, she likes to ______ the shops without intending to buy anything.
- . go on
- shop around
- mooch around
- run
12. Which of the following sentences cannot be turned into the passive?
- People seem interested in behavioural economics.
- The teacher explained the concept of present bias.
- The students completed the cost-benefit analysis
- Economists measured the impact of sunk costs
13. The knowledge that can _____ from analysing behavioural economics helps improve decision-making.
- gain
- has gained
- is gaining
- be gained
14. ______ and now provides guidance for policy-makers worldwide.
- The report published
- The report has been published
- The report was publishing
- The report was been published
15. Which of the following is the correct passive form of the following active sentence?
“Companies offer discounts to attract new customers.”
- New customers offered discounts to attract by companies.
- Discounts are offered by companies to attract new customers
- New customers are offered by discounts to attract companies
- Discounts offered by companies attract new customers.
16. Which of the following is the correct reason for using the passive in the sentence:
“The results of the survey will be published next week.”
- We want to emphasize the time of the action.
- We are more interested in the action than who performs it.
- We want to start with a short subject
- We want to focus on the people performing the action.
17. Which of the following is the correct passive form of the following active sentence?
“They are preparing the report for the management team.”
- The management team is preparing the report
- The report is being prepared for the management team.
- The report prepares the management team.
- The report has prepared by the management team
18. Which of the following sentences correctly expresses the same meaning as the sentence below?
“The manager explained the new policy to the employees.”
- The new policy was explained to the employees by the manager.
- The employees explained the new policy to the manager.
- The manager was explained the new policy
- The new policy explained the employees
19. Which of the following is the correct passive form of the following active sentence?
“People believe that exercise improves mental health.”
- Exercise is being believed that it improves mental health.
- Exercise is believed improves mental health
- It believes that exercise improves mental health.
- It is believed that exercise improves mental health.
20. Which of the following is the correct passive form to complete the following sentence?
______ that studying behavioural economics can improve decision-making.
- It is widely believed
- People widely believe
- It believed widely
- People believed widely
21. Which of the following is the correct passive form of the following active sentence?
“The bank lent the startup a large sum of money.”
- The startup was lent a large sum of money by the bank
- A large sum of money was lending the startup by the bank.
- The bank was lent a large sum of money to the startup.
- The startup lent a large sum of money by the bank.
Comprehension
HOW TO APPLY BEHAVIOURAL ECONOMICS TO YOUR DAILY LIFE
Economic principles, especially those of behavioural economics, can be usefully applied to all areas of our lives. Possibly, the first thing we can take from economics is the importance of doing a cost-benefit analysis when making big decisions. Comfortable though we may be with making a list of pros and cons, we should recognise that it is actually a rather ineffective tool. Just one of the cons might easily outweigh all of the pros. A cost-benefit analysis is something altogether more sophisticated, which allows you to be more objective. For example, let’s say that you have to decide whether to make a journey by train or aeroplane. The financial cost of each journey is obvious, but there are also other costs to take into account, such as the cost in your time, the cost in terms of how tired you’ll be on arrival, the environmental cost, and so on. Give each of these a score out of five, and then weigh them up against the potential benefits, scored in the same way, and the choice becomes much easier.
There are also certain in-built human biases we ought to bear in mind, for example, something known as ‘present bias’. Behavioural economics teaches us that people have a tendency to overvalue immediate rewards over long-term payoffs. A famous study showed that given the choice between receiving less money now, or more money later, most people would choose the former, even though they’d end up less well-off. This is also the reason why people procrastinate, or why you should never go food shopping when you’re hungry. Once aware of this propensity, however, you can make sure you avoid it. For example, if you put your money in a savings account where you can’t get at it easily, you’ll overcome the tendency to want to spend it straightaway, rather than wait.
Another trap many people fall into is the sunk-cost fallacy. A fallacy is an idea that is often believed to be true, but which is, in fact, false. The sunk-cost fallacy is the idea that because you have already invested time or money in something, you should persist with it no matter what. One study which demonstrated this tendency asked people to imagine they were at a birthday celebration and that they were offered chocolate cake. The researchers told some people this was from a local supermarket, and others that it was an expensive handmade cake from a shop almost an hour away. Having been told the cake had required a significant investment of time and money seemed to make people much more likely to eat it all, even though they felt uncomfortably full, or weren’t that keen on chocolate cake. The sunk-cost fallacy often leads us to do things which are really against our best interests. For example, maintaining a friendship with someone we don’t really like anymore, because we have known them a long time, and feel that nothing can be done about it. Or persisting with a business idea, even when it’s clear that it isn’t working and is actually losing us money. Our decision-making ability can be dramatically improved by recognising when we may be falling prey to this fallacy.
22. Which sentence shows why a pros and cons list might be ineffective?
- “The financial cost of each journey is obvious.”
- “Just one of the cons might easily outweigh all of the pros.”
- “Give each of these a score out of five.”
- “Weigh them up against the potential benefits.”
23. What is a non-financial cost mentioned in the cost-benefit example?
- The price of the plane ticket
- Taxi fare
- The environmental impact
- Cost of groceries
24. According to the text, present bias affects people by making them:
- Choose smaller immediate rewards over larger future rewards
- Avoid risks entirely
- Save money for long-term benefits
- Ignore costs completely
25. The author implies that we put things off because:
- we are naturally inclined to be lazy.
- we don’t care enough about future benefits.
- we don’t have enough willpower.
- we don’t sufficiently analyse our motives.
26. Which does the pronoun “it” refer to in the sentence:
"If you put your money in a savings account where you can’t get at it easily, you’ll
overcome the tendency to want to spend it straightaway."
- The savings account
- The present bias
- The tendency to spend
- The money in the savings account
27. Which word in the text means “an idea that is often believed to be true, but is actually false”?
- Trap
- Propensity
- Fallacy
- Bias
28. What is the sunk-cost fallacy?
- he belief that expensive things are always better
- The idea that people should stop something as soon as it becomes difficult
- The tendency to avoid spending time or money
- The belief that past investment means you should continue, even if it’s not beneficial
29. According to the passage, how can people improve their decision-making?
- By avoiding investments completely
- By always finishing what they start
- By recognising when they are influenced by the sunk-cost fallacy
- By listening to other people’s opinions
30. Which of the following principles is NOT listed as a behavioural economics concept in the text?
- Supply and demand
- Sunk-cost fallacy
- Present bias
- Cost-benefit analysis