1 SPEAKING If you could visit any historical period for a day, which would you choose?
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Students’ own answers
2 In pairs, describe the objects in the photos A–C using these words. What do you think they were used for?
| beige bone bronze circular cream curved enormous flat geometric golden hollow ivory miniature pocket-size pointed rectangular solid spherical wooden |
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3 10.1 Listen to a radio podcast about the objects and check your ideas.
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C - a musical instrument - some sort of flute.
A - a comb
B - possibly candle holders, a game, or an ornament
Past modals of speculation
4 THINK BACK Read these extracts from the recording and match the underlined verb forms with their meanings a–c.
1 The holes must have been man-made because they would fi t a right-handed musician perfectly.
2 It can’t just have been a coincidence.
3 They might have been candle holders.
a I’m pretty sure this was not true.
b It’s possible that this was true.
c I’m pretty sure this was true.
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1 c 2 a 3 b
5 Look at the sentences from the recording. How do we form continuous and passive forms with past modals?
a A wealthy person must have been planning to use it.
b No-one really knows what they might have been used for.
c I can’t have been paying attention.
d They could have been used to knit the f i ngers on gloves.
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We use the modal + have been + present participle for continuous active forms.
We use the modal + have been + past participle for passive forms
6 Study Watch Out! Then choose the best verb form to complete the sentences below.
1 He might not have looked / have been looking where he was going when he tripped and fell.
2 This jewellery might / must have been expensive; it’s solid gold!
3 This picture might / can’t have been painted by the same artist; the style is completely di erent.
4 At that time, many children would have started / would have been started work at the age of eight.
5 He might / must have been lying; he’s untrustworthy.
6 He can’t / mustn’t have carried out the robbery; I was with him all evening.
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1 have been looking 2 would/must 3 can’t 4 would have started 5 might/may 6 can’t
7 10.2 Complete the text with the correct forms of the words in brackets. Then listen and check.
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1 might never have been discovered 2 would have been made 3 can’t have been 4 must have been 5 might have been
8 SPEAKING In pairs, look at the photo of Costa Rican balls below. What do you think they could have been used for? Go to page 78 to f i nd out more about these objects.
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Students’ own answers
