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Word |
Meaning |
Image |
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North |
The direction towards the North Pole. |
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South |
The direction towards th South Pole. |
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East |
The direction where the sun rises. |
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West |
The direction where the sun sets. |
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Sunrise |
The time when the sun first appears in the sky. |
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Sunset |
The time when the sun disappears below the horizon. |
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Wood
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An area of land covered with trees. |
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Field
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An area of open land, often used for farming. |
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Valley
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A low area of land between hills or mountains.
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Scenery
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The natural features of a landscape. |
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Tide
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The rise and fall of sea levels caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun. |
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Bay
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A body of water partially enclosed by land. |
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- is used to describe an action that happened before another action or event in the past.
| The past perfect tense is formed using the past tense of the auxiliary verb "to have" (had) followed by the past participle of the main verb. |
structure
Affirmative:
subject + had + past participle + complement
Negative:
subject + had (not) + past participle + complement
Question:
Had + subject + past participle + complement
Example:
- She had finished her homework before lunch.
- By the time I arrived, the movie had already started.
- She had never been to Aqaba before last summer.
With time-related words: Some words indicate that one event occurred before another, such as:
♦ Uses of the Past Perfect Tense
1- To express an event that occurred before another event in the past:
If there are two past events, we use the past perfect for the first event and the past simple for the second event.
Examples:
• By the time we got to the cinema, the movie had already started.
• They had finished dinner before I arrived.
• After she had finished her homework, she went to bed.
• He had just left when I called him.
• By the time we reached the airport, the plane had taken off.
2- With reported speech:
When converting a direct speech sentence to reported speech, we use the past perfect if the main verb in the sentence is in the past simple.
Example:
• Direct speech: She said, "I finished my work."
• Reported speech: She said that she had finished her work.
Difference Between Past Perfect and Past Simple
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Past Simple |
Past Perfect |
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Used to talk about an event that happened in the past. |
Used to talk about an event that happened before another event in the past. |
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Does not require another event to happen before it. |
Requires another event to occur after it. |
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I ate lunch at 1 PM. |
I had eaten lunch before 2 PM. |
