انجليزي متقدم فصل أول

1. Inversion:

Definition: Inversion involves reversing the normal word order by placing the auxiliary verb or modal before the subject. It's primarily used after negative or limiting expressions to create emphasis.

Rule:

Negative/Limiting Word + Auxiliary/Modal + Subject + Main Verb
(If no auxiliary verb, use do/does/did.)

Common Negative/Limiting Words:

Never / Rarely / Seldom
Example: Never before had I experienced such intense heat.

Hardly / Scarcely / Barely (followed by when)
Example: Hardly had we set off when the buildings started to disappear.

No sooner ... than
Example: No sooner had we reached the top than I realised how high the dunes were.

Only + when/after/by/then
Example: Only when we reached the top did I realise how high the dunes were.

Little (implies "I didn’t know...")
Example: Little did I know what was going to happen.

Under no circumstances / At no time / In no way
Example: Under no circumstances should you remove your seat belt.

Examples of Inversion:

Normal: I realised how high the dunes were only when we reached the top.

Inversion: Only when we reached the top did I realise how high the dunes were.

⚠️ Watch out:

Incorrect: Only then I realised...

Correct: Only then did I realise...

2. Cleft Sentences:

Definition: Cleft sentences split a sentence to emphasize a particular part (who, what, when, why, where).

Types of Cleft Sentences:

Type A: It-Cleft:
It + be + focus + (that/who) + rest of the clause
Example: It was the flowing golden dunes which really impressed me.

Type B: Wh-Cleft:
What + clause + be + focus
Example: What really impressed me was the flowing golden dunes.

Other Cleft Sentence Patterns:

The only thing that... is...
Example: The only thing that mattered was safety.

The reason why... is...
Example: The reason why we stopped was the heat.

The day/time/place (when/where)... is/was...
Example: The day when I learnt to use cleft sentences was the best day of my life!