1 Study Active Reading. Then, look at the underlined words A–G in the text and decide what type of reference devices they are.
Answers
A pronoun referring forward (visiting the football stadium, Camp Nou.)
B pronoun referring back (express train)
C possessive pronoun referring back (the next train)
D indefi nite pronoun referring back (the fact)
E demonstrative pronoun referring back (people)
F object pronoun referring back (stops)
G determiner referring back (station)
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ACTIVE READING| Understanding reference devices Reference devices are often used to avoid repetition. They can refer back to earlier information or forward to information that will come up later. The most common reference devices are: • pronouns and possessive pronouns, e.g., you, your, yours, he, him, his, it, its • indefi nite pronouns, e.g., something, anything, everything, no one • relative pronouns: e.g., who, whom, whose • demonstratives: e.g., this/that, these/those • determiners: e.g., another, other • the words: one/ones Referring back As a child, I loved the sudden rush of air when a tube train was approaching. It would fill me with excitement. I usually get on the last car of the train. I go for that one because it’s mostly nearly empty. Referring forward Although she hated travelling by tube, Huda decided that it would be the fastest way home. Sometimes reference is made by stating something which is then explained, exemplifi ed or clarifi ed in the following sentence(s), e.g., The atmosphere inside the tube was terrible. There seemed to be no air at all. |
2 Match the highlighted words from the text with their synonyms.
1 pulled dragged
2 spreading out
3 went down
4 getting off
5 crashing into
6 went slowly
7 rushing
8 slipped
Answers
2 dispersing 3 descended 4 alighting 5 colliding 6 rumbled 7 bolting 8 faltered
3 Read the extract again. Match sentences A–G with gaps 1–7 in the text.
A They reminded him of his grandparents back on the farm.
B He assumed he’d be unable to board this train and would have to wait for the next one, but somehow he managed to squeeze on at the last minute.
C He checked his phone for the eighth time to confi rm the route: northbound to a stop called Les Corts, then walk about ten minutes to the stadium.
D As they passed Malek, they smiled at him.
E He watched the hordes and wondered about their lives.
F On any given day, he never saw more than a handful of people.
G Many, including Malek, struggled to keep their balance with nothing at all to hold onto.
Answers
1 F 2 C 3 E 4 B 5 G 6 A 7 D
4 Look at the words in bold and decide what their literal meaning is. Then discuss their fi gurative meaning in phrases 1–8.
1 made his way
2 swept along with the crowds
3 fell into step
4 milling around
5 thundered past
6 forged ahead
7 find his footing
8 caught his eye
Answers
1 normally associated with producing something, e.g., from materials; here: something intangible is created (his way to the underground)
2 usually means using a broom to collect dirt or dust from the fl oor; here: implies someone being pulled along amidst a group, typically a lack of control over this
3 normally means suddenly landing on the ground by accident; here: changing your way of walking so that you start walking at the same pace as those around you
4 usually means grinding something, e.g., wheat; here: means a group of people moving about in a seemingly directionless way
5 normally means a loud noise from the sky during a big storm; here: means going by very noisily
6 typically means illegally copying something; here: means moving forward with some diffi culty
7 usually means recovering something that was lost; here: means beginning to feel confi dent in a new situation
8 normally means physically taking hold of something that moved through the air; here: means making eye-contact with someone
5 REFLECT | Society In pairs, discuss how important you think it is for people to have experiences that are outside their comfort zone. Think about:
• visiting a non-tourist area of a town or city,
• sampling food never tasted before,
• switching off phones while travelling.
6 SPEAKING In pairs, discuss the questions.
1 What do you think happens next in the story?
2 If you were in a similar situation, would you have spoken to people around you or stayed silent? Say why.
Answers
Students’ own answers
